Industry refers to the production of an economic good or service within an economy.

Industrial sectors

There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth, ''quinary'', sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private. Industries are also any business or manufacturing. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,size and ownership.

Raw Materials: Industries may be agriculture based, Marine based, Mineral based, Forest based.

Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

Ownership: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and co-operative sector

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture's share.

Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

Industry is divided into four sectors. They are:

!Sector	!Definition
Primary	This involves the extraction of resources directly from the Earth, this includes farming, mining and logging. They do not process the products at all. They send it off to factories to make a profit.
Secondary	This group is involved in the processing products from primary industries. This includes all factories—those that refine metals, produce furniture, or pack farm products such as meat.
Tertiary	This group is involved in the provision of services. They include teachers, managers and other service providers.
Quaternary	This group is involved in the research of science and technology. They include scientists.

As a country develops people move away from the primary sector to secondary and then to tertiary.

There are many other different kinds of industries, and often organized into different classes or sectors by a variety of industrial classifications.

Industry classification systems used by the government commonly divide industry into three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The primary sector of industry is agriculture, mining and raw material extraction. The secondary sector of industry is manufacturing. The tertiary sector of industry is service production. Sometimes, one talks about a quaternary sector of industry, consisting of intellectual services such as research and development (R&D).

Market-based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used in finance and market research. These classification systems commonly divide industries according to similar functions and markets and identify businesses producing related products.

Industries can also be identified by product: chemical industry, petroleum industry, automotive industry, electronic industry, meatpacking industry, hospitality industry, food industry, fish industry, software industry, paper industry, entertainment industry, semiconductor industry, cultural industry, poverty industry

labor-intensive industry - capital-intensive industry

light industry - heavy industry

Proto-industry

Industrial development

The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

Declining industries

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to economically more favourable locations through a process of off-shoring.

The major difficulty for people looking to measure manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect is finding a measurement which is stable historically. Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created. The lowering of employee numbers in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to be caused by a decline in the competitiveness of the sector. The truth however is that it has been caused by the introduction of the lean manufacturing process. Eventually, this will lead to competing product lines being managed by one of two people, as is already the case in the cigarette manufacturing industry.

Related to this change is the upgrading of the quality of the produce being manufactured. While it is easy to produce a low tech, low skill product, the ability to manufacture high quality products is limited to companies with a high skilled staff.

Society

An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labor.

Industrial labour

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.

War

The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex, arms industry, military industry and modern warfare.

ISIC

ISIC (Rev.4) stands for International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities, the most complete and systematic industrial classification made by United Nations Statistics Division.

ISIC Rev.4 is a standard classification of economic activities arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. The categories of ISIC at the most detailed level (classes) are delineated according to what is, in most countries, the customary combination of activities described in statistical units, and considers the relative importance of the activities included in these classes.

While ISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products produced, more emphasis has been given to the character of the production process in defining and delineating ISIC classes.

List of countries by industrial output

+Industrial output in 2010 (Nominal)	! Rank	! Country	! Output in billions of US$
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+Industrial output in 2010 (PPP)	! Rank	! Country	! Output in billions of US$
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See also

North American Industry Classification System

North American Product Classification System

Standard Industrial Classification

Industry information

References

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Region	Western philosophy
Era	Contemporary
Color	lightsteelblue
Name	Jeremy Rifkin
Birth date	January 26, 1945
Birth place	Denver, Colorado
Main interests	Economy, political science, scientific and technological change
Notable ideas	Empathic Civilization, The Third Industrial Revolution, End of the working society
Alma mater	University of Pennsylvania; Tufts University
Signature	}}

Jeremy Rifkin (born January 26, 1945) is an American economist, writer, public speaker, political advisor and activist. He is the founder and president of the Foundation On Economic Trends. Rifkin's work explores the impact of scientific and technological changes on the economy, the workforce, society, and the environment.

Biography

Jeremy Rifkin was born in Denver, Colorado in 1945, to Vivette Ravel Rifkin and Milton Rifkin, a plastic-bag manufacturer. He grew up on the southwest side of Chicago. He earned a BS in economics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was president of the graduating class of 1967 and recipient of the University of Pennsylvania General Alumni Association's Award of Merit. He had an epiphany when one day in 1966 he walked past a group of students protesting the Vietnam War picketing the administration building and was amazed to see, as he recalls, that "my frat friends were beating the living daylights out of them. I got very upset." He organized a freedom-of-speech rally the next day. From then on, Rifkin quickly became an active member of the peace movement. He went on to obtain his masters degree in international affairs at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in 1968. Rifkin pursued anti-war activities at Fletcher, and later joined VISTA.

In 1973, Mr. Rifkin organized a mass-protest against oil companies at the commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Boston Tea Party at Boston's Harbor. Thousands joined the protest, as activists dumped empty oil barrels into Boston's Harbor. The protest came in the wake of the increase in gasoline prices in the fall of 1972, following the OPEC oil embargo-

In 1977, with Ted Howard, he founded the Foundation on Economic Trends; he currently works out of an office in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C.The Foundation on Economic Trends (FOET), is active in both national and international public policy issues related to the environment, the economy, and climate change. FOET examines new trends and their impacts on the environment, the economy, culture and society, and engages in litigation, public education, coalition building and grassroots organizing activities to advance their goals.

Jeremy Rifkin is the principal architect of the Third Industrial Revolution long-term economic sustainability plan to address the triple challenge of the global economic crisis, energy security, and climate change. The Third Industrial Revolution was formally endorsed by the European Parliament in 2007 and is now being implemented by various agencies within the European Commission. Jeremy Rifkin has lectured before many Fortune 500 companies, and hundreds of governments, civil society organizations, and universities over the past thirty five years [3].

Jeremy Rifkin is the founder and chairperson of the ''Third Industrial Revolution Global CEO Business Roundtable'', comprising more than 100 of the world's leading renewable energy companies, construction companies, architectural firms, real estate companies, IT companies, power and utility companies, and transport and logistics companies. Rifkin's global economic development team is working with cities, regions, and national governments to develop master plans to transition their economies into post- carbon Third Industrial Revolution infrastructures. In 2009, Rifkin and his team developed Third Industrial Revolution master plans for the cities of San Antonio, Texas and Rome, Italy, to transition their economies into the first post carbon urban areas in the world.

In 1988, Rifkin brought together climate scientists and environmental activists from 35 nations in Washington, D.C. for the first meeting of the Global Greenhouse Network. In the same year, Rifkin did a series of Hollywood lectures on global warming and related environmental issues for a diverse assortment of film, television and music industry leaders, with the goal of organizing the Hollywood community for a campaign. Shortly thereafter, two Hollywood Environmental Organizations, Earth Communications Office (ECO), and Environmental Media Association, were formed.

In 1992, Rifkin launched the Beyond Beef Campaign, a coalition of six environmental groups including Green Peace, Rainforest Action Network, and Public Citizen, with the goal of encouraging a 50% reduction in the consumption of beef, arguing that methane emissions from Cattle has a warming effect 23 to 50 times greater than carbon dioxide.

Since 1994, Rifkin has been a senior lecturer at The Wharton School's executive education program at the University of Pennsylvania, where he instructs CEOs and senior corporate management from around the world on new trends in science and technology.

After the publication of ''The Hydrogen Economy'', Rifkin worked both in the U.S. and Europe to advance the political cause of renewably generated hydrogen. In the U.S., Rifkin was instrumental in founding the Green Hydrogen Coalition, consisting of thirteen environmental and political organizations (including Greenpeace and MoveOn.Org) that are committed to building a renewable hydrogen based economy.

Governmental work

Rifkin has advised both the European Commission and the European Parliament. Rifkin has also advised Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of Spain during its presidency of the European Union. Rifkin also served as an adviser to Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, Prime Minister Jose Socrates of Portugal, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, and Prime Minister Janez Janša of Slovenia, during their respective European Council Presidencies, on issues related to the economy, climate change, and energy security. Rifkin is currently working with European officials to help shape a Third Industrial Revolution long-term economic development plan for the European Union.

Reception

According to the The "European Energy Review" "Perhaps no other author or thinker has had more influence on the EU's ambitious climate and energy policy than the famous American 'visionary' Jeremy Rifkin. In the United States, he has testified before numerous congressional committees and has had success in litigation to ensure responsible government policies on a variety of environmental, scientific and technology related issues. The Union of Concerned Scientists has cited some of Rifkin's publications as useful references for consumers and ''The New York Times'' once stated that "many in the scholarly, religious, and political fields praise Jeremy Rifkin for a willingness to think big, raise controversial questions, and serve as a social and ethical prophet".

Rifkin's work has also been controversial, and opponents have attacked the scientific rigor of his claims as well as some of the tactics he uses to promote his views.Stephen Jay Gould characterised Rifkin's 1983 book ''Algeny'' as "a cleverly constructed tract of anti-intellectual propaganda masquerading as scholarship".

A 1989 ''Time'' article about Rifkin entitled "The Most Hated Man in Science," stated that "[he] has forced the Government to establish regulatory pathways for some genetically engineered products and clarify practices for others."

Works

Jeremy Rifkin became one of the first major critics of the nascent biotechnology industry with the 1977 publication of his book, ''Who Should Play God?'' Rifkin's 1980 work "Entropy" was called "A comprehensive worldview" and "an appropriate successor to ... Silent Spring, The Closing Circle, The Limits to Growth, and Small Is Beautiful." His 1995 book, ''The End of Work'', is credited by some with helping shape the current global debate on technology displacement, corporate downsizing and the future of jobs. His 1998 book, ''The Biotech Century'', addresses issues accompanying the new era of genetic commerce. His 2004 book, ''The European Dream'', was an international bestseller and winner of the 2005 Corine International Book Prize in Germany for the best economics book of the year.

Books

1973, ''How to Commit Revolution American Style: Bicentennial Declaration'', with John Rossen, Lyle Stuart Inc., ISBN 0-8184-0041-2

1975, ''Common Sense II: The case against corporate tyranny'', Bantam Books, OCLC 123151709

1977, ''Own Your Own Job: Economic Democracy for Working Americans'', ISBN 978-0-553-10487-5

1977, ''Who Should Play God? The Artificial Creation of Life and What it Means for the Future of the Human'', with Ted Howard, Dell Publishing Co., ISBN 0-440-19504-7

1978, ''The North Will Rise Again: Pensions, Politics and Power in the 1980s'', with Randy Barber, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-4787-2

1979, ''The Emerging Order: God in the Age of Scarcity'', with Ted Howard, Putnam, ISBN 978-0-399-12319-1

1980, ''Entropy: A New World View'', with Ted Howard (afterword by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen), Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-29717-8

1983, ''Algeny: A New Word—A New World'', in collaboration with Nicanor Perlas, Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-10885-5

1985, ''Declaration of a Heretic'', Routledge & Kegan Paul Books, Ltd, ISBN 0-7102-0709-3

1987, ''Time Wars: The Primary Conflict In Human History'', Henry Holt & Co, ISBN 0-8050-0377-0

1990, ''The Green Lifestyle Handbook: 1001 Ways to Heal the Earth'' (edited by Rifkin), Henry Holt & Co, ISBN 0-8050-1369-5

1991, ''Biosphere Politics: A New Consciousness for a New Century'', Crown, ISBN 0-517-57746-1

1992, ''Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture'', E. P. Dutton, ISBN 0-525-93420-0

1992, ''Voting Green: Your Complete Environmental Guide to Making Political Choices In The 90s'', with Carol Grunewald Rifkin, Main Street Books, ISBN 0-385-41917-1

1995, ''The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era'', Putnam Publishing Group, ISBN 0-87477-779-8

1998, ''The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World'', J P Tarcher, ISBN 0-87477-909-X

2000, ''The Age Of Access: The New Culture of Hypercapitalism, Where All of Life is a Paid-For Experience'', Putnam Publishing Group, ISBN 1-58542-018-2

2002, ''The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the Worldwide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth'', Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-193-6

2004, ''The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream'', Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-345-9

2010, ''The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness In a World In Crisis'', Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-765-9 www.empathiccivilization.com

See also

Biopolitics

''Frankenstein'' argument

Genetic pollution

Jobless growth

National Veterans Inquiry

Winter Soldier Investigation

References

External links

1.http://foet.org/img/University%20Of%20Pennsylvania%20Student%20Award%20of%20Mert.jpg

2.http://www.foet.org/

3.http://foet.org/current-activities.html

4.http://www.foet.org/past/timeline/foet_history.html

5.http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/01/21/1974_01_21_067_TNY_CARDS_000305675

6.http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/4559-1

7.http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/mother%20jones/904Y-000-007.html

8.http://www.foet.org/past/BeyondBeefCampaign.htm

9.http://www.citizen.org/cmep/article_redirect.cfm?ID=10703

10.http://www.foet.org/JeremyRifkin.htm

Other links

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin

http://www.ted.com/speakers/jeremy_rifkin.html

http://www.ted.com/talks/jeremy_rifkin_on_the_empathic_civilization.html

http://www.insead.edu/events/wharton_alliance_10th_anniversary/home/

https://microsite.accenture.com/iuec/Documents/Accenture_IUEC2011_INVITE_A4.pdf

http://cetri-tires.org/press/?p=3938&lang=it

http://www.ueapme.com/spip.php?article210

http://www.urbact.pl/Intern%20Meeting%20on%20Sust%20Planning%20-%20Vitoria.pdf

http://www.ghgreductionsummit.com/Program/Keynotes/tabid/76/Default.aspx

http://www.cidadesinovadoras.org.br/cici2011/

http://www.viewontv.org/oecd/forum2011/?titre=21#anc21

http://webtv.internationaltransportforum.org/video_ejZJJ_jeremy_rifkin.html

http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1017/F10SP_Rifkin.htm

http://www.valleyforward.org/events/33

http://www.wdr.de/defaultError.jhtml

http://www.ey.com/home

http://www.dunkerque2010.org/en/programme/speakers/

https://www.construction-institute.org/ac/2010/agenda.cfm

http://www.eiseverywhere.com/ehome/index.php?eventid=11953&tabid=15060&

http://www.fondazionebancodisicilia.it/en/grandi_progetti/scheda.php?id=28

http://www.smesummit.eu/

http://www.rossinstitute.org/#/Media/Jeremy-Rifkin-Lecture

http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/jeremy-rifkin-europe-lead-third-industrial-revolution/article-170005

Guardian.co.uk – 'Sorry, Mr President, homilies won't stop the hurricanes: We Americans need to get out of our SUVs and learn the harsh lesson of Katrina and Rita: we are all to blame', Jeremy Rifkin, ''The Guardian'', (September 23, 2005)

European Parliament Leaders announce Green Hydrogen initiative

Category:1945 births Category:American business theorists Category:American business writers Category:American economics writers Category:American economists Category:American non-fiction environmental writers Category:American technology writers Category:American Jews Category:Living people

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